  | 
				Matronics Email Lists Web Forum Interface to the Matronics Email Lists   
				 | 
			 
		 
		 
	
		| View previous topic :: View next topic   | 
	 
	
	
		| Author | 
		Message | 
	 
	
		creightonious
 
 
  Joined: 10 Mar 2007 Posts: 40
 
  | 
		
			
				 Posted: Fri Feb 17, 2017 10:52 am    Post subject: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation | 
				     | 
			 
			
				
  | 
			 
			
				Uh, no.  Not really.
 They do a reasonable job up to about 4000ft, but above that the slide lifts the needle out of the jet well and things get really rich.  The diaphragm can only do so much.
 Not to be too hard on the Bings-they, like all carburetors are hoist from the the same petard.  Namely that carbs meter fuel to the VOLUME of air and at 7000ft you have left 25% of the atmosphere, ie: oxygen, behind and the carb is still adding fuel based on sea level proportions.
 The solution is, of course, fuel injection.
 Creighton Smith 
 
 Sent from my iPad
 
  	  | Quote: | 	 		   On Feb 17, 2017, at 3:03 AM, RotaxEngines-List Digest Server <rotaxengines-list(at)matronics.com> wrote:
  
  *
  
  ==================================================
    Online Versions of Today's List Digest Archive
  ==================================================
  
  Today's complete RotaxEngines-List Digest can also be found in either of the 
  two Web Links listed below.  The .html file includes the Digest formatted 
  in HTML for viewing with a web browser and features Hyperlinked Indexes 
  and Message Navigation.  The .txt file includes the plain ASCII version 
  of the RotaxEngines-List Digest and can be viewed with a generic text editor 
  such as Notepad or with a web browser. 
  
  HTML Version:
  
     http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=html&Chapter 17-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
  
  Text Version:
  
     http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=txt&Chapter 17-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
  
  
  ================================================
    EMail Version of Today's List Digest Archive
  ================================================
  
  
            ----------------------------------------------------------
                            RotaxEngines-List Digest Archive
                                       ---
                      Total Messages Posted Thu 02/16/17: 1
            ----------------------------------------------------------
  
  
  Today's Message Index:
  ----------------------
  
      1. 03:54 PM - Bing Carb Theory of Operation  (h&jeuropa)
  
  
  
  ________________________________  Message 1  _____________________________________
  
  
  Time: 03:54:58 PM PST US
  Subject: Bing Carb Theory of Operation
  From: "h&jeuropa" <butcher43(at)att.net>
  
  
  The January 2017 and February 2017 issues of EAA Sport Aviation have two articles
  by Carol & Brian Carpenter of Rainbow Aviation Services that describe  how
  our Bing carbs work. The articles have color diagrams that show fuel and air flow.
  They really do compensate for altitude by clever design!
  
  Jim Butcher
  
  
  Read this topic online here:
  
  http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=466313#466313
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 | 	 
 
 
  |  | - The Matronics RotaxEngines-List Email Forum - |  |   |  Use the List Feature Navigator to browse the many List utilities available such as the Email Subscriptions page, Archive Search & Download, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, Photoshare, and much more:
 
  http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List |  
  |  
 
 
 
  
 _________________ Creighton Smith
 
A 036 | 
			 
		  | 
	 
	
		| Back to top | 
		 | 
	 
	
		  | 
	 
	
		kenryan
 
 
  Joined: 20 Oct 2009 Posts: 429
 
  | 
		
			
				 Posted: Fri Feb 17, 2017 11:27 am    Post subject: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation | 
				     | 
			 
			
				
  | 
			 
			
				Would the same be true for the Rotax 914?
 
 On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 9:50 AM, crouton <crouton(at)well.com (crouton(at)well.com)> wrote:
  	  | Quote: | 	 		  --> RotaxEngines-List message posted by: crouton <crouton(at)well.com (crouton(at)well.com)>
  
  Uh, no.  Not really.
  They do a reasonable job up to about 4000ft, but above that the slide lifts the needle out of the jet well and things get really rich.  The diaphragm can only do so much.
  Not to be too hard on the Bings-they, like all carburetors are hoist from the the same petard.  Namely that carbs meter fuel to the VOLUME of air and at 7000ft you have left 25% of the atmosphere, ie: oxygen, behind and the carb is still adding fuel based on sea level proportions.
  The solution is, of course, fuel injection.
  Creighton Smith
  
  Sent from my iPad
  
  > On Feb 17, 2017, at 3:03 AM, RotaxEngines-List Digest Server <rotaxengines-list(at)matronics.com (rotaxengines-list(at)matronics.com)> wrote:
  >
  > *
  >
  > ==================================================
  >   Online Versions of Today's List Digest Archive
  > ==================================================
  >
  > Today's complete RotaxEngines-List Digest can also be found in either of the
  > two Web Links listed below.  The .html file includes the Digest formatted
  > in HTML for viewing with a web browser and features Hyperlinked Indexes
  > and Message Navigation.  The .txt file includes the plain ASCII version
  > of the RotaxEngines-List Digest and can be viewed with a generic text editor
  > such as Notepad or with a web browser.
  >
  > HTML Version:
  >
  >    http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=html&Chapter=2017-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
  >
  > Text Version:
  >
  >    http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=txt&Chapter=2017-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
  >
  >
  > ================================================
  >   EMail Version of Today's List Digest Archive
  > ================================================
  >
  >
  >           ----------------------------------------------------------
  >                           RotaxEngines-List Digest Archive
  >                                      ---
  >                     Total Messages Posted Thu 02/16/17: 1
  >           ----------------------------------------------------------
  >
  >
  > Today's Message Index:
  > ----------------------
  >
  >     1. 03:54 PM - Bing Carb Theory of Operation  (h&jeuropa)
  >
  >
  >
  > ________________________________  Message 1  _____________________________________
  >
  >
  > Time: 03:54:58 PM PST US
  > Subject: Bing Carb Theory of Operation
  > From: "h&jeuropa" <butcher43(at)att.net (butcher43(at)att.net)>
  >
  >
  > The January 2017 and February 2017 issues of EAA Sport Aviation have two articles
  > by Carol & Brian Carpenter of Rainbow Aviation Services that describe  how
  > our Bing carbs work. The articles have color diagrams that show fuel and air flow.
  > They really do compensate for altitude by clever design!
  >
  > Jim Butcher
  >
  >
  > Read this topic online here:
  >
  > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=466313#466313
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  
  
  ====================================
   -
  xEngines-List" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List
  ====================================
   FORUMS -
  eferrer" target="_blank">http://forums.matronics.com
  ====================================
  WIKI -
  errer" target="_blank">http://wiki.matronics.com
  ====================================
  b Site -
            -Matt Dralle, List Admin.
  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/contribution
  ====================================
  
  
  
   | 	 
 
 
  |  | - The Matronics RotaxEngines-List Email Forum - |  |   |  Use the List Feature Navigator to browse the many List utilities available such as the Email Subscriptions page, Archive Search & Download, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, Photoshare, and much more:
 
  http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List |  
  |  
 
 
 
  
 | 
			 
		  | 
	 
	
		| Back to top | 
		 | 
	 
	
		  | 
	 
	
		max8992
 
 
  Joined: 28 Jul 2011 Posts: 142
 
  | 
		
			
				 Posted: Sat Feb 18, 2017 10:02 am    Post subject: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation | 
				     | 
			 
			
				
  | 
			 
			
				Hi there all. can't read these articles as access is granted only to members which I'm not and not willing to be... Any chance to get a copy ?
  
 Max  Cointe
 mcointe(at)free.fr (mcointe(at)free.fr)
 [img]cid:image002.jpg(at)01D28A19.26932A40[/img]
 F-PLDJ Dyn’Aéro MCR 4S 
 Kit #27-2002 1850 heures 912ULSFR/e-Props D100M
  
  
 De : owner-rotaxengines-list-server(at)matronics.com [mailto:owner-rotaxengines-list-server(at)matronics.com] De la part de Ken Ryan
 Envoyé : vendredi 17 février 2017 20:25
 À : rotaxengines-list(at)matronics.com
 Objet : Re: Re: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation
  
 Would the same be true for the Rotax 914?
 
  
 On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 9:50 AM, crouton <crouton(at)well.com (crouton(at)well.com)> wrote: 	  | Quote: | 	 		  
 --> RotaxEngines-List message posted by: crouton <crouton(at)well.com (crouton(at)well.com)>
 
 Uh, no.  Not really.
 They do a reasonable job up to about 4000ft, but above that the slide lifts the needle out of the jet well and things get really rich.  The diaphragm can only do so much.
 Not to be too hard on the Bings-they, like all carburetors are hoist from the the same petard.  Namely that carbs meter fuel to the VOLUME of air and at 7000ft you have left 25% of the atmosphere, ie: oxygen, behind and the carb is still adding fuel based on sea level proportions.
 The solution is, of course, fuel injection.
 Creighton Smith
 
 Sent from my iPad
 
  	  | Quote: | 	 		   On Feb 17, 2017, at 3:03 AM, RotaxEngines-List Digest Server <rotaxengines-list(at)matronics.com (rotaxengines-list(at)matronics.com)> wrote:
 
  *
 
  
    Online Versions of Today's List Digest Archive
  
 
  Today's complete RotaxEngines-List Digest can also be found in either of the
  two Web Links listed below.  The .html file includes the Digest formatted
  in HTML for viewing with a web browser and features Hyperlinked Indexes
  and Message Navigation.  The .txt file includes the plain ASCII version
  of the RotaxEngines-List Digest and can be viewed with a generic text editor
  such as Notepad or with a web browser.
 
  HTML Version:
 
     http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=html&Chapter=2017-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
 
  Text Version:
 
     http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=txt&Chapter=2017-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
  =======================
    EMail Version of Today's List Digest Archive
  =======================
            ----------------------------------------------------------
                            RotaxEngines-List Digest Archive
                                       ---
                      Total Messages Posted Thu 02/16/17: 1
            ----------------------------------------------------------
  Today's Message Index:
  ----------------------
 
      1. 03:54 PM - Bing Carb Theory of Operation  (h&jeuropa)
 
  ________________________________  Message 1  _____________________________________
  Time: 03:54:58 PM PST US
  Subject: Bing Carb Theory of Operation
  From: "h&jeuropa" <butcher43(at)att.net (butcher43(at)att.net)>
  The January 2017 and February 2017 issues of EAA Sport Aviation have two articles
  by Carol & Brian Carpenter of Rainbow Aviation Services that describe  how
  our Bing carbs work. The articles have color diagrams that show fuel and air flow.
  They really do compensate for altitude by clever design!
 
  Jim Butcher
  Read this topic online here:
 
  http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=466313#466313
 
 | 	  
 
 ====================================
 -
 xEngines-List" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List
 ====================================
 FORUMS -
 eferrer" target="_blank">http://forums.matronics.com
 ====================================
 WIKI -
 errer" target="_blank">http://wiki.matronics.com
 ====================================
 b Site -
           -Matt Dralle, List Admin.
 rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/contribution
 ====================================
  | 	 
 
 
  |  | - The Matronics RotaxEngines-List Email Forum - |  |   |  Use the List Feature Navigator to browse the many List utilities available such as the Email Subscriptions page, Archive Search & Download, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, Photoshare, and much more:
 
  http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List |  
  |  
 
 
 
  
	
  
	 
	
	
		
	 
	
		|  Description: | 
		
			
		 | 
	 
	
		|  Filesize: | 
		 1.53 KB | 
	 
	
		|  Viewed: | 
		 13490 Time(s) | 
	 
	
		
  
 
  | 
	 
	 
	 
 _________________ Max8992
 
Europa XS #560 F-PMLH | 
			 
		  | 
	 
	
		| Back to top | 
		 | 
	 
	
		  | 
	 
	
		h&jeuropa
 
 
  Joined: 07 Nov 2006 Posts: 654
 
  | 
		
			
				 Posted: Sun Feb 19, 2017 9:25 am    Post subject: Re: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation | 
				     | 
			 
			
				
  | 
			 
			
				The next to last paragraph of the January article explains how the Bing carb compensates for altitude.  
 
 A 914 operates at manifold pressure of 30 in Hg, or nearly sea level altitude.  So it doesn't have the potential mixture problem.
 
 I have sent Max a copy of the articles.
 
 Jim Butcher
 
  |  | - The Matronics RotaxEngines-List Email Forum - |  |   |  Use the List Feature Navigator to browse the many List utilities available such as the Email Subscriptions page, Archive Search & Download, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, Photoshare, and much more:
 
  http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List |  
  |  
 
 
 
  
 | 
			 
		  | 
	 
	
		| Back to top | 
		 | 
	 
	
		  | 
	 
	
		creightonious
 
 
  Joined: 10 Mar 2007 Posts: 40
 
  | 
		
			
				 Posted: Sun Feb 19, 2017 10:23 am    Post subject: Re: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation | 
				     | 
			 
			
				
  | 
			 
			
				 	  | kenryan wrote: | 	 		  Would the same be true for the Rotax 914?
 
 Jim is correct.  The 914 is, for continuous power, turbo-normalized and at all non oxygen-sucking altitudes, the carbs see essentially sea level air.  Ergo, no going super rich at useful altitudes.
 This accounts for the 914's near-universal acceptance in the US where altitudes below 13000 (18000 with oxygen) are available to use.
 Creighton 
 
 On Fri, Feb 17, 2017 at 9:50 AM, crouton <crouton> wrote:
  	  | Quote: | 	 		  --> RotaxEngines-List message posted by: crouton <crouton>
  
  Uh, no.  Not really.
  They do a reasonable job up to about 4000ft, but above that the slide lifts the needle out of the jet well and things get really rich.  The diaphragm can only do so much.
  Not to be too hard on the Bings-they, like all carburetors are hoist from the the same petard.  Namely that carbs meter fuel to the VOLUME of air and at 7000ft you have left 25% of the atmosphere, ie: oxygen, behind and the carb is still adding fuel based on sea level proportions.
  The solution is, of course, fuel injection.
  Creighton Smith
  
  Sent from my iPad
  
  > On Feb 17, 2017, at 3:03 AM, RotaxEngines-List Digest Server <rotaxengines> wrote:
  >
  > *
  >
  > ==================================================
  >   Online Versions of Today's List Digest Archive
  > ==================================================
  >
  > Today's complete RotaxEngines-List Digest can also be found in either of the
  > two Web Links listed below.  The .html file includes the Digest formatted
  > in HTML for viewing with a web browser and features Hyperlinked Indexes
  > and Message Navigation.  The .txt file includes the plain ASCII version
  > of the RotaxEngines-List Digest and can be viewed with a generic text editor
  > such as Notepad or with a web browser.
  >
  > HTML Version:
  >
  >    http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=html&Chapter=2017-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
  >
  > Text Version:
  >
  >    http://www.matronics.com/digest/digestview.php?Style=82701&View=txt&Chapter=2017-02-16&Archive=RotaxEngines
  >
  >
  > ================================================
  >   EMail Version of Today's List Digest Archive
  > ================================================
  >
  >
  >           ----------------------------------------------------------
  >                           RotaxEngines-List Digest Archive
  >                                      ---
  >                     Total Messages Posted Thu 02/16/17: 1
  >           ----------------------------------------------------------
  >
  >
  > Today's Message Index:
  > ----------------------
  >
  >     1. 03:54 PM - Bing Carb Theory of Operation  (h&jeuropa)
  >
  >
  >
  > ________________________________  Message 1  _____________________________________
  >
  >
  > Time: 03:54:58 PM PST US
  > Subject: Bing Carb Theory of Operation
  > From: "h&jeuropa" <butcher43>
  >
  >
  > The January 2017 and February 2017 issues of EAA Sport Aviation have two articles
  > by Carol & Brian Carpenter of Rainbow Aviation Services that describe  how
  > our Bing carbs work. The articles have color diagrams that show fuel and air flow.
  > They really do compensate for altitude by clever design!
  >
  > Jim Butcher
  >
  >
  > Read this topic online here:
  >
  > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=466313#466313
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  >
  
  
  ====================================
   -
  xEngines-List" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List
  ====================================
   FORUMS -
  eferrer" target="_blank">http://forums.matronics.com
  ====================================
  WIKI -
  errer" target="_blank">http://wiki.matronics.com
  ====================================
  b Site -
            -Matt Dralle, List Admin.
  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/contribution
  ====================================
  
  
  
   | 	 
  | 	 
 
 
  |  | - The Matronics RotaxEngines-List Email Forum - |  |   |  Use the List Feature Navigator to browse the many List utilities available such as the Email Subscriptions page, Archive Search & Download, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, Photoshare, and much more:
 
  http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List |  
  |  
 
 
 
  
 _________________ Creighton Smith
 
A 036 | 
			 
		  | 
	 
	
		| Back to top | 
		 | 
	 
	
		  | 
	 
	
		rampil
 
 
  Joined: 04 May 2007 Posts: 870
 
  | 
		
			
				 Posted: Tue Jun 20, 2017 4:41 am    Post subject: Re: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation | 
				     | 
			 
			
				
  | 
			 
			
				Interesting that this old canard about altitude compensation is raising
  it's head from the dead again.  It is, basically a false claim, unless, as 
 Creighton points out you restrict your flying to Piper cub altitudes. Fuel
 consumption, I believe, is most relevant during cross country ops, and
 during XC ops, I usually plan FL060-090 over the flatlands I now live
 amidst. As they say, if you plan 500' AGL (1500' MSL here), your mileage
 may vary!
 
 When my Europa was freshly built 13 years ago and my engine 
 fully instrumented, I ran extensive test cards on engine performance
 while flying off my Phase 1 at Z-Hills.  Climbing above 3-4,000 DA, fuel
 consumption rises reliably, while effective power declines as expected. 
 I published the spreadsheets here on the Matronics forums at the time 
 and shared them with Phil Lockwood. Shortly after that, Rotax stopped
 advertising this "feature". Coincidence? Perhaps.
 
 Rather than theory from possibly commercially informed interests, 
 I would prefer more actual measurements, preferably from 
 disinterested but experienced third parties.  If there is confusion about 
 the Bing system, consider the role  that Rotax played. 
 
 Despite the advertising, the official operator's  manual provides  
 essentially no performance / consumption data compared with 
 Lyc / Con manuals.
 
 I still love my 912s, but I am a bit steamed that my block cracked at 
 380 hours of operation and despite some discount, my repair bill was over $10k.
 
  |  | - The Matronics RotaxEngines-List Email Forum - |  |   |  Use the List Feature Navigator to browse the many List utilities available such as the Email Subscriptions page, Archive Search & Download, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, Photoshare, and much more:
 
  http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List |  
  |  
 
 
 
  
 _________________ Ira N224XS | 
			 
		  | 
	 
	
		| Back to top | 
		 | 
	 
	
		  | 
	 
	
		Lcfittlcfitt3@gmail.com
 
 
  Joined: 26 Mar 2017 Posts: 6 Location: Cameron Park, C
  | 
		
			
				 Posted: Tue Jun 20, 2017 5:10 am    Post subject: RotaxEngines/Bing carb's alleged altitude compensation | 
				     | 
			 
			
				
  | 
			 
			
				Interesting post.  My understanding was That the altitude compensation was in fact, related to the Cub altitudes.   The memory comes up as we, on our way home from an Idaho Back Country adventure in our Kitfoxes, flying the bends of a river at 100 ft. looking for wildlife and practicing steep turns, we listened to the chatter coming from a group of RVs on their way to the Reno Air Races, while flying at RV altitudes.  all the talk was about manifold pressure and airspeed.  To each his own, I guess.Lowell
 On Jun 20, 2017 5:46 AM, "rampil" <ira.rampil(at)gmail.com (ira.rampil(at)gmail.com)> wrote: 	  | Quote: | 	 		  --> RotaxEngines-List message posted by: "rampil" <ira.rampil(at)gmail.com (ira.rampil(at)gmail.com)>
  
  Interesting that this old canard about altitude compensation is raising
   it's head from the dead again.  It is, basically a false claim, unless, as
  Creighton points out you restrict your flying to Piper cub altitudes. Fuel
  consumption, I believe, is most relevant during cross country ops, and
  during XC ops, I usually plan FL060-090 over the flatlands I now live
  amidst. As they say, if you plan 500' AGL (1500' MSL here), your mileage
  may vary!
  
  When my Europa was freshly built 13 years ago and my engine
  fully instrumented, I ran extensive test cards on engine performance
  while flying off my Phase 1 at Z-Hills.  Climbing above 3-4,000 DA, fuel
  consumption rises reliably, while effective power declines as expected.
  I published the spreadsheets here on the Matronics forums at the time
  and shared them with Phil Lockwood. Shortly after that, Rotax stopped
  advertising this "feature". Coincidence? Perhaps.
  
  Rather than theory from possibly commercially informed interests,
  I would prefer more actual measurements, preferably from
  disinterested but experienced third parties.  If there is confusion about
  the Bing system, consider the role  that Rotax played.
  
  Despite the advertising, the official operator's  manual provides
  essentially no performance / consumption data compared with
  Lyc / Con manuals.
  
  I still love my 912s, but I am a bit steamed that my block cracked at
  380 hours of operation and despite some discount, my repair bill was over $10k.
  
  --------
  Ira N224XS
  
  
  
  
  Read this topic online here:
  
  http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=470260#470260
  
  
  
  
  
  
  ====================================
   -
  xEngines-List" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List
  ====================================
   FORUMS -
  eferrer" target="_blank">http://forums.matronics.com
  ====================================
  WIKI -
  errer" target="_blank">http://wiki.matronics.com
  ====================================
  b Site -
            -Matt Dralle, List Admin.
  rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/contribution
  ====================================
  
  
  
   | 	 
 
 
  |  | - The Matronics RotaxEngines-List Email Forum - |  |   |  Use the List Feature Navigator to browse the many List utilities available such as the Email Subscriptions page, Archive Search & Download, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, Photoshare, and much more:
 
  http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?RotaxEngines-List |  
  |  
 
 
 
  
 | 
			 
		  | 
	 
	
		| Back to top | 
		 | 
	 
	
		  | 
	 
	
		 | 
	 
 
  
	 
	    
	   | 
	
You cannot post new topics in this forum You cannot reply to topics in this forum You cannot edit your posts in this forum You cannot delete your posts in this forum You cannot vote in polls in this forum You cannot attach files in this forum You can download files in this forum
  | 
   
 
  
Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2005 phpBB Group
  
		 |