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toe out on the main gear
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airspeedx3(at)yahoo.com
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PostPosted: Sun Mar 30, 2008 2:43 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Kolbers,

I am resetting the "toe out" on my new Handy Dandy Steel Gear Legs. Checking my
old MkIII instruction book states to align them straight inline with the fuselage centerline, or slightly toe out.

"Slightly toe out" seems a lot vague to me. Does anyone have actual toe setting details, or the best recommended "toe out setting (in degrees), for a tail dragger, in general?

Here is what I presently have:

With an 8 foot straight edge, lined up parallel with the tire, I have about 1.75 inches toe out, compared to straight inline with the centerline.

My calculations are.....in 8 feet my "toe out" measures 1.75"
my 8 foot straightedge = 96 inches (the radius)
circumference = 3.14 x diameter
circumference = 3.14 x 96 x 2
circumference = 602.88" (of an 8' radius circle)

A degree = 1/360 of a circle, or in my case; 602.88" / 360 degrees = 1.68 inches/degree

So, it would appear I have very close to 1 degree toe out, possibly 1.1 degree toe out.

Does this sound about right? Any opinions???

Mike Welch
MkIII on steel gear legs


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planecrazzzy
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PostPosted: Sun Mar 30, 2008 3:26 pm    Post subject: Re: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

I know NOTHING about this...

But I've always known "Toe - in ".....

Just like putting a bolt "down or back"....

Seems like if the axle nut should come off ...

"Toe - out" would make the wheel fly off....

"toe - in" would force it tighter on the axle....

My Firestar has "Toe-in"... So does the trailer I made to haul it...

Gotta Fly...
Mike & "Jaz" in MN... ( Jaz "ALSO" has Toe-in )
.
.
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PostPosted: Sun Mar 30, 2008 4:19 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

MikeFWIW  1.75" sounds like a lot!

On Mar 30, 2008, at 6:40 PM, Mike Welch wrote:[quote]Kolbers,
 
  I am resetting the "toe out" on my new Handy Dandy Steel Gear Legs.  Checking my
old MkIII instruction book states to align them straight inline with the fuselage centerline, or slightly toe out.
 
  "Slightly toe out" seems a lot vague to me.  Does anyone have actual toe setting details, or the best recommended "toe out setting (in degrees), for a tail dragger, in general?
 
  Here is what I presently have:
 
  With an 8 foot straight edge, lined up parallel with the tire, I have about 1.75 inches toe out, compared to straight inline with the centerline.
 
  My calculations are.....in 8 feet my "toe out" measures 1.75"
                                   my 8 foot straightedge = 96 inches (the radius)
                                   circumference = 3.14 x diameter
                                   circumference = 3.14 x 96 x 2
                                   circumference = 602.88"   (of an 8' radius circle)
 
  A degree = 1/360 of a circle, or in my case;  602.88" / 360 degrees = 1.68 inches/degree
 
  So, it would appear I have very close to 1 degree toe out, possibly 1.1 degree toe out.
 
Does this sound about right?  Any opinions???
 
Mike Welch
MkIII on steel gear legs
 

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PostPosted: Sun Mar 30, 2008 4:27 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Quote:
My Firestar has "Toe-in"... So does the trailer I made to haul it...

Gotta Fly...
Mike & "Jaz" in MN... ( Jaz "ALSO" has Toe-in )
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Mike & "Jaz",

You Firestar is supposed to have a tiny bit of "toe out", not "toe in".
Taildragger aircraft are set up with a slight amount of toe out, because if you
land on only one wheel (crosswind landing, or whatever), it will have the tendency to drive away
from the centerline, plopping you down onto the other wheel, which is what you want. A "toe in"
wheel would want to drive toward the raised wheel, worsening the one-wheel condition.

I thought Jaz was afflicted with "toe jam", not "toe in". Might be my error, though. (PS, don't
tell him I said so. I understand he is sensitive about these matters).

Mike Welch
MkIII, no toe jam football here!

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PostPosted: Sun Mar 30, 2008 4:43 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Quote:
Mike
FWIW 1.75" sounds like a lot!

Quote:
Russ


Russ,

Are you sure you have an accurate picture of my situation?

Picture this. There is a string perfectly parallel to the centerline of the airplane, but 44" away from the centerline.
This parallel string runs just barely along side of the outside edge of the wheel (either one).

Now, if you place an 8 foot long straight-edge just touching that string, next to the wheel. At the far end of the
straight-edge, set it to 1.75" away from the string. This creates a 1 degree angle, "toe out".

I know it sounds as though it may be excessive, but without the straight-edge, you almost can't see that the wheel isn't parallel with the string. 1 degree is really hard to tell that is has any "toe out". You need the straight-edge to
even know.

Mike Welch
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ElleryWeld(at)aol.com
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PostPosted: Sun Mar 30, 2008 4:49 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

what you have there will work just fine, you dont want any toe in on a tail dragger as it will make things very interesting for others to watch at fast speeds with the mains still on the Pavement
personally I like mine Very straight the tires wear more even

Ellery in Maine
do not archive

In a message dated 3/30/2008 5:44:16 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, airspeedx3(at)yahoo.com writes:
Quote:
Kolbers,

I am resetting the "toe out" on my new Handy Dandy Steel Gear Legs. Checking my
old MkIII instruction book states to align them straight inline with the fuselage centerline, or slightly toe out.

"Slightly toe out" seems a lot vague to me. Does anyone have actual toe setting details, or the best recommended "toe out setting (in degrees), for a tail dragger, in general?

Here is what I presently have:

With an 8 foot straight edge, lined up parallel with the tire, I have about 1.75 inches toe out, compared to straight inline with the centerline.

My calculations are.....in 8 feet my "toe out" measures 1.75"
    my 8 foot straightedge = 96 inches (the radius)
    circumference = 3.14 x diameter
    circumference = 3.14 x 96 x 2
    circumference = 602.88" (of an 8' radius circle)

A degree = 1/360 of a circle, or in my case; 602.88" / 360 degrees = 1.68 inches/degree

So, it would appear I have very close to 1 degree toe out, possibly 1.1 degree toe out.

Does this sound about right? Any opinions???

Mike Welch
MkIII on steel gear legs


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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 11:21 am    Post subject: Re: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Here is another Opinion on toe-out (Like you need an extra hole in your head) but what the heck...information is power right?!!!
I Thought that Toe-in (pidgeon toed) was used because it tends to push the wheel against the bearings, hub and helps hold the tire on if cotters or nuts come off.

Also, it pushes the wheel legs closer together helping support the weight of the aircraft on the landing gear on bounces.

Toe-out would cause the legs to be pulled out potentially increasing the leg bending loads.

Too much of either one is bad.

My common sense tells me that with the plane in the flight level attitude you want only very slight Toe-in which would probably be about neutral toe-in when the tail is on the ground.

Let us know how it goes.


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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 1:45 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Try a toe in configuration, I have flown a champ that had it, it really likes to make things hard handling on the ground both wheels fighting with each other to see who can get the most traction tossing the plane back and forth, if your cotter pin and your bearing nuts are not in place you didn't do a good installation or inspection of your equipment the correct procedure is a toe out sorry but I have been there done that

Ellery in Maine
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In a message dated 3/31/2008 2:24:35 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, jb92563(at)yahoo.com writes:
Quote:
--> Kolb-List message posted by: "jb92563" <jb92563(at)yahoo.com>

Here is another Opinion on toe-out (Like you need an extra hole in your head) but what the heck...information is power right?!!!
I Thought that Toe-in (pidgeon toed) was used because it tends to push the wheel against the bearings, hub and helps hold the tire on if cotters or nuts come off.

Also, it pushes the wheel legs closer together helping support the weight of the aircraft on the landing gear on bounces.

Toe-out would cause the legs to be pulled out potentially increasing the leg bending loads.

Too much of either one is bad.

My common sense tells me that with the plane in the flight level attitude you want only very slight Toe-in which would probably be about neutral toe-in when the tail is on the ground.

Let us know how it goes.

--------
Ray

Kolb UltraStar (Cuyuna UL-202)
Moni MotorGlider
Schreder HP-11 Glider
Riverside County, CA

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John Hauck



Joined: 09 Jan 2006
Posts: 4639
Location: Titus, Alabama (hauck's holler)

PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 2:20 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Ellery/Steve B/Gang:

I do not know about other airplanes, but Kolbs like a tad of toe in. How much is a tad? Not much.

Toe out on a Kolb, minus the US, tends to spread the gear sequentially. The farther it rolls on pavement, the more the main gear will spread apart, increasing toe out and negative camber. It is the nature of aluminum rod landing gear legs. Unlike truss/ladder type gear legs that by nature hole the main wheels in what ever alignment they were in before the aircraft started rolling.

When the brakes are applied on a Kolb, the main wheels tend to toe out because the gear legs twist.

I use about 5 deg of positive camber and about 1/8" toe in. It works for me and has for many many hours in the FS and the mkIII.

john h
mkIII
hauck's holler, alabama


[quote] the correct procedure is a toe out sorry but I have been there done that

Ellery in Maine

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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 2:38 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

I Thought that Toe-in (pidgeon toed) was used because it tends to push the wheel against the bearings, hub and helps hold the tire on if cotters or nuts come off.

Also, it pushes the wheel legs closer together helping support the weight of the aircraft on the landing gear on bounces.

Toe-out would cause the legs to be pulled out potentially increasing the leg bending loads.

Too much of either one is bad.
Quote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

The plans that came with my mkIIIc state:

The wheels should be aligned as shown: Parallel with the centerline axis of the airplane. If you must err, err on the side of having the wheels toe out a bit. Do not have any “toe-in”.


Not being an engineer,,, I built as close as I could to plans.

Boyd
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 3:21 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

John H., Ray, and the rest of you'ze guys,

Since the Wright Bros. began the HomeBuilt craze, it has always been my understanding that (all) taildraggers
require toe out, for the primary reason I already stated, namely, because the wheel that is touching the ground has a tendency to "drive out" from the centerline of the plane, thereby causing the other wheel to touch, also.

Like Ellery said, "No, toe in or out doesn't have anything to do with your wheels coming off if you lose the cotter
pin and wheel nuts." That is nonsense to think you angle the wheel a particular direction to help keep the wheel on!!
Toe in or out has nothing to do with keeping your wheels on, it has to do with proper ground control manners.

We are talking TINY amounts of angle, gentlemen! So little, that if you have a string stretched taut next to the wheel, inline with the centerline of the plane, that you couldn't tell there was any angle....either in or out. You need to place a long straightedge against the wheel, to actually see where the wheel is really pointing.

On page 9, of my KOLB TWINSTAR MARK III " Plans Contents (yellow) book, it says;

The wheels should be aligned as shown (straight, neither toe in or out, according to the drawing): Parallel with the centerline axis of the airplane. If you must err, err on the side of having the wheels toe out a bit. Do not have any "toe-in".

I double checked my actual toe out today. It is more like 1.25" toe out in 8 feet.

Here's another "mental picture" of what I have; I described my present settings to be "1.25" in 8 feet. In other words, if the right tire was rolled, it would travel 1.25" to the right, after a distance of eight feet. While this setting
would be a little excessive on a car, an airplane spends most of it's time in the air.

John H. If I understood your toe in description, you said you have 1/8" toe in. If you have the same MkIII OEM
wheels and tires I have, then that would equate to 1/8" in 7" (the tire's radius). Converting this to my measurement
equates to: 8 feet = 96 ", 96" / 7" radius = 13.7, 13.7 X 1/8" = approx. 1.75".

In other words, your wheels are angled almost exactly the same as mine, except your's are angle slightly in, and mine are angled slightly out.

Thanks for the discourse. You know, it may be that as long as your wheels are kept within reasonable limits, either in or out, it may not make too much difference. Could it be that Kolbs are easy ground handlers?

Mike Welch

________________________________

From: jhauck(at)elmore.rr.com
To: kolb-list(at)matronics.com
Subject: Re: Re: toe out on the main gear
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 2008 17:18:01 -0500

Ellery/Steve B/Gang:

I do not know about other airplanes, but Kolbs like a tad of toe in. How much is a tad? Not much.

Toe out on a Kolb, minus the US, tends to spread the gear sequentially. The farther it rolls on pavement, the more the main gear will spread apart, increasing toe out and negative camber. It is the nature of aluminum rod landing gear legs. Unlike truss/ladder type gear legs that by nature hole the main wheels in what ever alignment they were in before the aircraft started rolling.

When the brakes are applied on a Kolb, the main wheels tend to toe out because the gear legs twist.

I use about 5 deg of positive camber and about 1/8" toe in. It works for me and has for many many hours in the FS and the mkIII.

john h

mkIII

hauck's holler, alabama
the correct procedure is a toe out sorry but I have been there done that

Ellery in Maine
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 3:21 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

I still like my wheels as straight as possible , just for even tire wear

Ellery in Maine
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In a message dated 3/31/2008 5:39:19 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, by0ung(at)brigham.net writes:
Quote:


I Thought that Toe-in (pidgeon toed) was used because it tends to push the wheel against the bearings, hub and helps hold the tire on if cotters or nuts come off.

Also, it pushes the wheel legs closer together helping support the weight of the aircraft on the landing gear on bounces.

Toe-out would cause the legs to be pulled out potentially increasing the leg bending loads.

Too much of either one is bad.
Quote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

The plans that came with my mkIIIc state:

The wheels should be aligned as shown: Parallel with the centerline axis of the airplane. If you must err, err on the side of having the wheels toe out a bit. Do not have any “toe-in”.


Not being an engineer,,, I built as close as I could to plans.

Boyd
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John Hauck



Joined: 09 Jan 2006
Posts: 4639
Location: Titus, Alabama (hauck's holler)

PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 3:34 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

> John H. If I understood your toe in description, you said you have 1/8"
toe in. If you have the same MkIII OEM
Quote:
wheels and tires I have, then that would equate to 1/8" in 7" (the tire's
radius). Converting this to my measurement
equates to: 8 feet = 96 ", 96" / 7" radius = 13.7, 13.7 X 1/8" =
approx. 1.75".

In other words, your wheels are angled almost exactly the same as mine,
except your's are angle slightly in, and mine are angled slightly out.

Thanks for the discourse. You know, it may be that as long as your
wheels are kept within reasonable limits, either in or out, it may not
make too much difference. Could it be that Kolbs are easy ground
handlers?

Mike Welch


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hauck's holler
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John Hauck



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Posts: 4639
Location: Titus, Alabama (hauck's holler)

PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 3:44 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

> John H. If I understood your toe in description, you said you have 1/8"
toe in. If you have the same MkIII OEM
Quote:
wheels and tires I have, then that would equate to 1/8" in 7" (the tire's
radius). Converting this to my measurement
equates to: 8 feet = 96 ", 96" / 7" radius = 13.7, 13.7 X 1/8" =
approx. 1.75".

In other words, your wheels are angled almost exactly the same as mine,
except your's are angle slightly in, and mine are angled slightly out.

Thanks for the discourse. You know, it may be that as long as your
wheels are kept within reasonable limits, either in or out, it may not
make too much difference. Could it be that Kolbs are easy ground
handlers?

Mike Welch


Mike W:

Maybe reread my previous msg on how and why I set up my main gear the way I
do.

Sometimes I think we need to forget all the knowledge we have of why other
aircraft do what they do and focus on what we are building and flying.
Kolbs don't always agree with all those other tail draggers out there.

I'll repeat myself. A tad of toe in and 5 deg of positive camber work great
for me and my mkIII. I have never worn/scrubbed the tread off a tire on my
FS or mkIII.

Negative camber is progressive and most likely will scrub your tires.

Aluminum gear legs on Kolbs are quite flexible, not only in bending, but
also in twist. Your main gear almost have a mind of their own.

I have used heat treated 4130 for gear legs on my FS and mkIII since 1986.
I use them because they work much better for me than aluminum rod.

john h
mkIII


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Dana



Joined: 13 Dec 2007
Posts: 1047
Location: Connecticut, USA

PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 3:55 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Hmmm. From my experience with R/C taildraggers, I've found that any
toe-out made the plane quite squirrelly on the ground and prone to ground
looping.

Picture this: Wheels toe out. Plane is slightly yawed to the right, by an
amount (for sake of discussion) equal to the toe-out. This results in the
left wheel tracking exactly straight, and the right wheel scrubbing. The
scrubbing results in greater drag on that side, so the plane yaws even more
to the right, etc.

Toe-in, OTOH, would be self correcting. Additionally, any braking flexes
the gear back, which would make any toe-out even worse, but would correct
toe-in.

I would shoot for perfectly straight, but err on the side of toe-in.

-Dana
--
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 4:15 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Think about what you want your aircraft react during gusty cross wind
landing.

Assume you are side slipping with the up wind wing down and some rudder to
keep aligned with the center line during final approach and you are going to
stick the upwind wheel.

If you have toe out, the wheel touch will cause yaw up wind.
If you have toe in, the wheel touch will cause yaw down wind.
If you have zero toe in, the wheel touch will not influence yaw.

With a CG that is behind the main gear, which situation are you the most
comfortable?

It is important to have a little positive camber. Also, check and set your
camber and toe in at or close to gross weight for best results.

Jack B. Hart FF004
Winchester, IN


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mdnanwelch7(at)hotmail.co
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 4:18 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

John,

Regarding my present gear legs, they are steel. Remember all the questions I had about a month ago. Well, since then I built my new ones. They are 1 3/8" chromoly 4130. I built them to have 3.5 degrees positive camber. I did not like the looks of 5 degrees positve camber, so I chose to aim for a little less. I planned on 4 degrees, but after it was all said and done, I ended up with 3.5. I am happy with that. Clearly they tilt out a little at the tops, but not a whole lot, and this 1 3/8" x .0120 tubing is some tough stuff!

While your experience may prefer slight toe in, I was going by the Kolb Construction book that says straight, or, if anything, slight toe out.

I also agree that with the tiny amount of toe we have, either in or out, neither will will scrub your tires. It just not that much off from straight!

Mike Welch
MkIII steel gear
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mdnanwelch7(at)hotmail.co
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 4:37 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Quote:

Toe-in, OTOH, would be self correcting. Additionally, any braking flexes
the gear back, which would make any toe-out even worse, but would correct
toe-in.

I would shoot for perfectly straight, but err on the side of toe-in.

-Dana


Dana,

While doing a little research, about the time I posed this question to the group, it appears that on RC models
you do indeed set for toe in. For the reasons you stated, you are correct. RC models should be set for slight toe in.

What is becoming apparent to me is that slight toe in, to slight toe out, is not going to make a huge difference.
I think I will just call it good, and leave them with 3.5 degrees positive camber, and 1 degrees toe out. Looks good, and should work just fine!

One thing I am fairly curious about, though, is why there are so few Kolbs with wheel pants. I am in the middle of
fabricating the mounts for my fiberglass wheel pants. I've just about completed installing one, and it should be 1/3 the time to do the second one. Most of the time spent on the first one was trying to see what would work. The second one is just a matter of making a mirror image of some parts.

So, can you answer this one for me? Why don't more guys install wheel pants. Mine will be so solidly mounted, that I don't think landing on grass has anyhing to do with it. I'm curious......??

Mike W
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aoldman(at)xtra.co.nz
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 31, 2008 9:34 pm    Post subject: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

My MK111 has wheel pants and looks great. They have never been a problem on
grass strips. I have used it in some pretty long grass and apart from
picking up a few stalks they just part the grass on thay through.

Tony
From Down under
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ronlee



Joined: 25 Dec 2006
Posts: 141

PostPosted: Tue Apr 01, 2008 6:20 pm    Post subject: Re: toe out on the main gear Reply with quote

Regarding wheel pants.
If you like to use your tire for a seat you will lose it by installing wheel pants.


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